Developing Countries’ Healthcare Systems

Creating Countries’ Healthcare Systems Question: Global Fund in the ongoing past suspended the subsidizing to Uganda government refering to net budgetary misappropriation particularly by Ministry of wellbeing authorities. As a money related expert, recognize and talk about the practices and arrangements that could have prompted this monetary misfortune and propose both inner and outer controls that ought to be set up to limit the reoccurrence of such situations. Presentation Creating countries’ social insurance frameworks are regularly subsidized by the donors’ concedes notwithstanding open assets from the administrative financial plans. In any case, now and again, these assets might be fumbled and this could prompt substantial budgetary misfortunes subsequently denying its recipients. The blunder of those assets may take various structures: squandering, false misappropriation or theft (The Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria). In this exposition, we survey the instance of Uganda where The Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2005 suspended the country’s subsidizing following an arrival of a review report that demonstrated gross blunder of assets that should bolster the administration of Uganda in its endeavors to handle AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Kapiriri Martin, 2006). The practices and arrangements that could have prompted this bungle and theft are recognized and talked about along with the control measures, both inside and outside, that ought to be attempted to forestall such monetary preoccupation later on. 2. Practices and strategies that could have prompted money related blunder The issue of money related assets botch is by all accounts far reaching in creating nations as well as in created ones (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997). A few insufficient practices and arrangements are purportedly engaged with the event of this issue. 2. a. Non-existing clear money related standards and guidelines/none consistence to budgetary standards and guidelines The absence of clear standards and guidelines to give direction to those associated with the administration of budgetary assets can make a path for them to fumble the assets that they should oversee. Mulling over the instance of Uganda, the absence of clear standards and guidelines on how assets would have been utilized potentially made a money related administrative turmoil that encouraged the individuals who were in the places of assets the board, at each degree of authoritative stepping stool, to abuse or abuse them. Then again, money related standards and guidelines may have been set up yet presumably the supervisory crew, at various levels, was not agreeable with them. 2. b. Absence of straightforwardness in authoritative progressive system, jobs and obligations Indistinct hierarchical and detailing structure, hazy jobs and duties among individuals from different groups associated with reserves the board may likewise have made administrative issue which prompted absence of budgetary responsibility. 2. c. Poor correspondence Poor correspondence among individuals from various groups may likewise have been a key factor in reserves money related administration disappointment. Potentially, groups didn't share key undertaking records about assets the executives for surveys before being discharged as authentic reports. Further, they probably won't have coordination gatherings in which they ought to have talked about money related issues with key partners in the usage of the undertakings. 2. d. Administrative ineptitude and untalented money related/bookkeeper officials Ineptitude in the administration of assets and executing the arranged exercises may likewise have prompted the above money related misfortune. Budgetary methods probably won't have been watched, this may have been the consequences of uncouth directors combined with incompetent money related officials and bookkeepers. Further, as per Global Fund’s 2009 Office of the Inspector General report on Lessons gained from the nation reviews and surveys attempted, Uganda’s case, Principle Recipient’ the board of Sub-Recipient was poor as was appeared by confirmations in the report and this was one of the issues that the award was suspended. Expressing a similar source, there were poor inner controls at various levels either at Principle Recipient level or at Sub Recipient level as was confirm by the report. For instance, some measure of cash evaluated at 4,939,497 US dollars were not represented, satisfactory supporting reports for a few exchanges were missing, work plan and spending plans were not dwelling place by which brought about a few costs not identified with the automatic financial plan and work plan. Also, records identified with the costs like books of record were not appropriately kept. There were additionally instances of unsupported costs and when supporting records were discovered, they were really fake. It is accounted for that proficient budgetary administration requires faultless money related and examining devices. Insufficiency in budgetary oversight and control systems prompts monetary fumble like redirection or misappropriation of assets (Mobegi et al, 2012). 2. e. Absence of dynamic association of some key partners As indicated by Kapiriri and Martins (2006), one of the detailed potential reasons for blunder of Global Fund allows in Uganda was low degrees of common society support. As indicated by Global Fund’s necessities for award qualification, the interest of different partners in the dynamic is of principal significance. Yet, in Uganda, it was accounted for that piece of key partners, including common society, who should be spoken to in Country Coordinating Mechanisms were not either included or were inadequate with regards to the ability to give significant information sources (Kapiriri Martins (2006). 3. Inward and outside controls that ought to be set up to limit the reoccurrence of such situations It is expressed that there is one basic thing in all organizations either in broad daylight or private organizations: â€Å"To be effective, they should control their operations†. This implies recruiting the correct individuals, pay them the perfect measure of compensations, arrange and get the correct items and administrations, and so on (Libby et al, 2009). To accomplish this, it is critical to build up and consent to explicit strategies and approaches which depict how the business ought to be run. These particular strategies and arrangements are controls which can be either inward or outer. This hypothesis is applied to the case being talked about. 3.1. Interior controls Interior controls are characterized as set of strategies an association sets up so as to secure the robbery of its benefits, guarantee the bookkeeping data is dependable, support compelling and productive tasks, and discover that pertinent laws, guidelines and codes of morals are agreed to (Libby et al, 2009). For the instance of Uganda, given the weaknesses that were distinguished, inside control components ought to be upgraded and set to target them. The inward measures would include: Standard consistence reviews: these reviews would discover that the particular methodology, rules or guidelines set out by Global Fund and as portrayed in award consent to guarantee the great administration of awards are seen at each degree of the administration. Ordinary operational reviews: these reviews would concentrate every single working methodology at all administration levels so as to gauge their presentation as far as viability and effectiveness. As indicated by Hayes et al (2005), operational reviews are not just constrained to budgetary issues, they may likewise put more accentuation on different regions of the association ; structure, working methodologies the same or different zones where assessment is required. Ordinary reviews of fiscal summaries: these reviews would examine the budget reports to guarantee that they are exact and as per set models. Including partners in dynamic procedure and upgraded correspondence: The contribution of partners and improved dynamic procedure concerning the execution of Global Fund projects could have been a foundation in the counteraction of awards botch. It is contended that if real and reasonable dynamic procedure were utilized, the suspension of awards could have been deflected (Kapiriri Martins (2006). Given that the poor correspondence between individuals from Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) was refered to among the reasons for award fumble in Uganda, improved correspondence inside CCM and with different partners would be similarly significant in forestalling such gross money related misfortune. 3.2. Outer controls To limit open doors for awards botch later on, outside control instruments ought to likewise be upgraded. These include: Worldwide Fund should direct customary and convenient reviews and audits to guarantee that the set rules for the administration of its awards are watched. Free inspectors ought to be designated and lead reviews on various degrees of awards the executives. It is suggested by the Global Fund’ Office of the auditor general that the outer review reports ought to be submitted to Global Fund not later than a half year after the period to be examined ( Global Fund, 2009). Worldwide Fund should refresh its rules in regards to the administration of awards to fill the holes when they are distinguished. 4. End Appropriate Global Fund awards the board is vital in battling against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria whose mortality and dismalness rates are still unsuitably high in creating nations. Administration of Global Fund-bolstered nations have the command to guarantee that the awards are utilized as per the set rules and the understandings marked among them and the Global Fund. Therefore, this will maintain a strategic distance from awards botch or theft cases and subsequently lessen mortality and dismalness rates because of the previously mentioned infections.

The liberal and critical theory account of economic globalization Essay

The liberal and basic hypothesis record of financial globalization - Essay Example tional settings past national limits, pundits like Ellen Meiksins Wood have been contending on the degree of obstruction rehearsed by these global establishments and its suggestions on national forces. As indicated by Wood (2005), issues identified with globalization, for example, â€Å"the social shameful acts, the developing holes among rich and poor, ‘democratic shortfalls, environmental debasement thus on† are the results of free enterprise (pp. 14). Wood (2005) in this way contends â€Å"capitalism, regardless of whether national or worldwide, is driven by certain efficient objectives of rivalry, benefit expansion and amassing, which unavoidably require putting ‘exchange-value’ before ‘use-value’ and benefit before people† (pp. 14). While an idealistic perspective on radicalism will legitimize this specific supposition, a basic view to the thought will be tremendously accentuated to contend for the benefit of entrepreneur scholars, worrying on the negatives related with the equivalent (Kukoä , 2009). The basic hypothesis hence attests that globalization has made it feasible for a bunch of economies and institutional individuals to appreciate the riches and assets inside their worldwide â€Å"playing field†, prompting graver sufferings of more vulnerable and powerless economies (Bohman, 2004). As the two hypotheses, radicalism on one hand and free enterprise on the other, contend on the positives and negatives related with globalization, this exposition will target looking at both these outlooks to finish up whether globalization can be considered liable for the expanding imbalance in asset distribution causing destitution or it really works in lessening such abberations. Impacts brought about by univers al organizations will likewise be considered in the conversation from this time forward to get a concise comprehension of the issue in concern. A country may be said of having a near bit of leeway in the event that it can deliver a specific decent or administration in a much proficient and savvy way when contrasted with different nations, which is as it were

Giveaway HOW TO WRITE AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL by Alexander Chee

Giveaway HOW TO WRITE AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL by Alexander Chee This giveaway is sponsored by  How to Write an Autobiographical Novel by Alexander Chee. From the author of The Queen of the Night, an essay collection exploring his education as a man, writer, and activistâ€"and how we form our identities in life and in art. As a novelist, Alexander Chee has been described as “masterful” by Roxane Gay, “incomparable” by Junot Díaz, and “incendiary” by The New York Times. With How to Write an Autobiographical Novel, his first collection of nonfiction, he’s sure to secure his place as one of the finest essayists of his generation as well. We have 10 copies of How to Write an Autobiographical Novel by Alexander Chee to give away to 10 Riot readers! Just complete the form below to enter. Entries are open to residents of the United States (excluding Puerto Rico and all other U.S. territories) and will be accepted until 11:44:59 pm, May 1, 2018. Winner will be randomly selected. Complete rules and eligibility requirements available here. Oops! We could not locate your form.

Thai Culture and My Career Choice to Study Gender-Based...

â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?† This may be a typical parent-to-child question for many families, but not for mine. Growing up in Thai culture, I have noticed a common role of women in my society. Most of my female family members are housewives and that is what I’m expected to be when I grow up as well. But I had bigger aspirations than that – I wanted to find a profession in which I, as a Thai woman, can gain respect and appreciation of people in my culture just as men can, and also gain a sense of personal fulfillment. As a result, throughout the first half of my undergraduate studies, I decided to follow an educational path that would prepare me to become a physician. I also took interest in Psychology, partly because of its†¦show more content†¦program. I have learned that one of Professor Joyce Bono’s current research interests lay in the broad area of gender stereotypes in management, and I would be excited to pursue my resea rch interest with her. In addition to my interest in gender stereotyping and discrimination, I am also interested in the area of positive work relationships. My previous research experience has examined the relationship between personality and performance in medical settings. Working on this project has peaked my interest in the concept of core self evaluations, and how it can be related to issues of gender stereotyping and women’s role in workplace. Specifically, I had recently started thinking of core self-evaluations as a potential mediating mechanism between gender stereotyping and job performance. For instance, women that are being stereotyped against may develop negative core self evaluations, and in turn – poorer levels of job performance. In the last two years, I have engaged in several psychology research projects and work experiences. My research experience ranges from being a data coder to being a co-author. For my first experience, I was responsible for coding data from team projects for a pilot study on virtual team performance carried out at the Psychology Department. Not long after, I was offered another research assistant position for aShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 PagesAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is of importance to international businesses as it examines how people from different cultures, beliefs and religions come together to work and communicate with each other. Demands for intercultural communication skills are increasing as more and more businesses go global or international. They realize that there are barriers and limitations when entering a foreign territory. Without the help of intercultural communicationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Rene Descartes And John Locke - 997 Words

Rene Descartes and John Locke each produced pieces of philosophical responses to the questions posed in epistemology which resulted with very different answers. Descartes relied on God and the mind as the only reliable and trustworthy sources to prove the existence of things other than ourselves. Locke, in contrast, made arguments for the existence of things in the external world via our innate ability to recognize and process sensations that are derived from subjects that exist in the material world. Locke overcomes Descartes’ hyperbolic skepticism by giving evidence of the validity of the senses through unique perception and countering the dream argument with a more practical approach to the knowledge of our existence. John Locke, in An Essay Concerning Understanding, establishes the theory of â€Å"tabula rasa† (blank slate) as a picture for the mind. According to this theory, the mind can be supposed as â€Å"white paper, void of all characters† and ready to be filled with ideas that are realized through experience. Locke argues that humans are born with inherent senses, but not inherent knowledge For innate knowledge to exist, Locke contends that such knowledge would have to be universally agreed upon. However, even ideas have the greatest general support for being innate, such as â€Å"Whatsoever is, is† and â€Å"It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be†, go without apprehension by children and the mentally disabled. Second, and quite similarly, people of differentShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Rene Descartes1442 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophers are individuals who address critical analysis of fundamental assumptions or beliefs with underlying theories of their own. 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Rene DescartesRead MoreDescartes vs. Locke1175 Words   |  5 PagesEssay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene Descartes

The Effects of Rap Music on Children Free Essays

Xavier Miranda Professor John Mammen English 1301 23 June 2012 The Effects of Rap Music on Children â€Å"There is no danger of developing eyestrain from looking on the bright side of things. † This quote fits perfectly with this topic. Too many people look at the negativities in music, Rap music to be specific. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Rap Music on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rap music can have negative effects on those who listen to it, but just as easily and equally have a positive and beneficial outcome. Yes, many rappers use vulgar derogative terms to describe women and may influence its listeners to break the law or things of the like; but it can also open our eyes, we can learn new things from it and it can influence us to be better people and do things, good things, with our lives. Now Rap isn’t anything new it’s been around since about the 1970’s and been influencing those who listen to it for about 40 years now (â€Å"Rap†). When people hear the term â€Å"rap music† their initial thought will be â€Å"that’s bad† or â€Å"that’s demeaning to women† which in a sense is true. For example the song â€Å"Walk this way† performed by Aerosmith and Run D. M. C. is about how a young high school student is lead through his first sexual experience by a debauched cheerleader. In a better known song â€Å"Make it Rain† by Fat Joe he says â€Å"Owwwww mami’s body is banging, man/ she got it, man/ she does it all She gets it popping with no hands† And then there’s the song almost everybody knows by Jay-Z. â€Å"99 problems†, where he refers to women as â€Å"bitches†. Songs like these make women seem like tools and expendable creatures, and may influence children that listen to this type of rap to treat women as such, â€Å"but many of them were influenced as teenagers by gangster rap. Perhaps I should start using words like, niggers, hoes and slut-bitches since I would only be reflecting my society’s music† (Leary). But the best example, to make this point clear, is the music video â€Å"Every girl† by â€Å"Young Money†. In the video there are females dressed promiscuously throughout and the lyricist admits to wishing he could have sexual intercourse with every girl in the world. There many other songs that contain this type of disrespect towards the female sex, which gives a more credible argument to those who don’t like rap. Another point people may make against Rap music is the fact that many Rappers Rap and live very violently. Eminem is at the top of my list when it comes to being violent. There’s the song â€Å"Who knew? † in which he defends himself by saying: â€Å"I never knew I, knew I’d effect this kid/ I never knew I’d, get him to slit his wrist/ I never knew I’d, get him to hit this bitch† Although the song in and of itself is a bit ironic, Eminem acknowledges the fact that now he knows he can influence his listeners with his music. And in â€Å"Love the Way you Lie† in which he says the following verse â€Å"If she ever tries to fucking leave again/ Im’a tie her to the bed and set this house on fire. † we see again the violence, and the music video for said song is of a couple who constantly fight and by the end of the song the couples house is up in flames. â€Å"One study found that young subjects who watched violent rap videos were more accepting of violent actions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Copley) and these lyrics that we very well hear over the radio and in our everyday lives promote breaking or disregarding the law, and many people still stop and wonder why the world is so violent. But like stated at the beginning of this paper there is a bright side to this moon. Before writing this paper laziness overcame me and I began to procrastinate and started listening to music and then the song â€Å"Airplanes Part 2† by B. o. b. feat. Eminem came on. Towards the end of the song Eminem says the words â€Å"Pretend he procrastinated had no motivation/ Pretend he just made excuses that were so paper thin they could blow away with the wind† which is what I was doing and it â€Å"turned me on† and opened my eyes. As the song finishes Eminem continues to rap in third person about himself and how if it wasn’t for this one moment in his life that he had not chased his dream he wouldn’t be who he wanted to be. I then proceeded to get up and write this paper. So this song had an effect, a positive one on me. And it can have similar effects on others who listen to it. The language most rappers use is profanity, but a handful of rappers use uncommon words to express themselves, which can lead to one finding out the definition of the word and later possibly using them in school work. For example Eminem uses the word â€Å"antidisestablishmentarianism† which is a political position in the Anglican Church that chooses to withdraw support from certain churches. And needless to say I used it in a world history paper. There’s also some songs by the rapper Immortal Technique who uses biblical metaphors in his music like in the song â€Å"Point of no Return† he asks us to open our eyes and actually see what’s going on around us because the end of the world is near. Music like everything else has a good side and a bad side. Most people ignore the good and disregard Rap music as a whole. As expressed in this paper, yes it can have negative effects and influence children to do bad things but it can also influence them in a good way and even give them certain tools to use in the future. Works Cited Copley, J.. â€Å"Rap Music’s Psychological Effects. † Psychology at suite 101. Glam Entertainment, 2008. Web. 8 May 2012. http://jennifercopley. suite101. com/rap-musics-psychological-effects-a53370. Leary, sam . â€Å"Gangster rap has negative impact on society. † The Daily Campus. N. p. , 2002. Web. 8 May 2012. â€Å"Rap† Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed. Colin Larkin.  © Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009. Encyclopedia of Popular Music: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press. Tarrant County College. 8 May 2012 http://www. encpopmusic4. com/entry? Entry=t270. e52529 Lyrics â€Å"Make it rain† Artist â€Å"Fat Joe† Website â€Å"lyrics. com† â€Å"Who Knew† Artist â€Å"Eminem† Website â€Å"lyrics. com† â€Å"Love the way you lie† Artist â€Å"Eminem† Website â€Å"lyrics. com† â€Å"Airplanes Part 2† Artist â€Å"B. O. B. feat Eminem Website â€Å"lyrics. com† How to cite The Effects of Rap Music on Children, Essay examples

Commercial & Corporate Law for Accountants

Questions: 1.Can a company be liable to its own shareholders under tort law? What happens if an employee is also a shareholder and/or a director? Explain with reference to relevant cases? 2.What are the principles the court will apply in determining whether a company is guilty of a crime? Answers: 1. Vicarious liability is a principle formed under the doctrine of agency and makes the superior responsible for the acts of their superior to a third party. This principle makes the employer liable for the acts done by their employee (Giliker 2010). In the following parts, a discussion has been made on whether the company is liable under tort law for the acts of its shareholders. And whether there is a change, in case an employee becomes a shareholder or director of the company. The company is a separate legal entity and hence, for the actions of others, the company cannot be held liable. Because of these reasons, the company is not considered as liable under the tort law, for the acts done by its shareholder. However, there is an exception to this rule, which occurs when the court decides to pierce the corporate veil (Wibberley et al. 2017). In Creasey v Breachwood Motors Ltd [1993] BCLC 480; 10 ACLC 3,052, the corporate veil was pierced by court to determine the ownership of the new company and its shareholders. This was because the new company was formed for the sole purpose of avoiding the liabilities arising under negligence for the old company (French et al. 2016). CSR Ltd v Young [1998] Aust Tort Reports 81-468 involves the case of tortuous liability of the subsidiary company. The judges considered that the position of the holding was similar to that of subsidiary company and so, the corporate veil was lifted and the holding was held liable for the ac tions of subsidiary (Anderson 2008). Hence, if the court is of the view, that for justice and fairness purposes, the company has to be held liable for the actions of the shareholder, it can lift the corporate veil and hold the company responsible for the torts of the shareholder (Wibberley et al. 2017). However, there have to be justified grounds for lifting the corporate veil. The principle of vicarious liability dictates that the employer is liable for the actions of the employees, whether they relate to any omission or negligence (Faure 2009). Based on the Latin phrase of qui facit per alium facit per se also, which translates into, a person is considered as acting for himself, when he acts through some other person, the employer is held liable for the acts of an employee (Giliker 2010). In Panorama Developments (Guildford) Limited v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Limited [1971] 2 QB 711, the company secretary was considered as the employee of the company, and as a result of this, the company was held liable, based on the principle of vicarious liability (French 2014). Hence, when an employee becomes the shareholder and/or director of the company, the company would be vicariously responsible for his actions. For being a shareholder, the principle of piercing the corporate veil can be used for holding the company responsible. When the employee is the director of the company, his position is changed, but he continues to be an employee of the company. For the reasons of being an employee of the company, the company can be held responsible for the actions of its employee, or in this case, its directors. 2. Corporate liability is a term under the criminal law, which helps in determining the guilt of the company for a crime committed by them. As per this principle, a company or a corporation, as a legal person, can be held liable for its acts or omissions, in the same manner as is applied for a natural person. At times, this principle is considered as an aspect of the vicarious liability which is criminal in nature (Stoitchkova 2010). In the following parts, a discussion has been carried on this principle. Under criminal law, corporate liability outlines the extent to which any company, by being a legal body, can be held responsible for the wrong done by the natural people employed by it. There are certain circumstances under which a company can be held liable. One of such is the identification doctrine. This is the key rule for establishing the liability of the company in both the criminal and civil cases, when carried out through the servants or agents of the company. This theory dictates that the minds of the individuals who control or direct the corporation, both collectively and individually, are the mind of the corporation. Hence, it is also known as the directing mind theory (Simester et al. 2016). The concept began through the case of Lennards Carrying Co. Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705, in which the actions of the directors were held to be controlling the minds of the company (Swarb 2017). In Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd [1916] 2 AC 307, the place of residence of the company was held as the place from where the will of the company and its mind was directed, for the reasons of being operated and controlled from there, through its senior officers (Swarb 2015). The doctrine of attribution is another manner of establishing the guilt of the company (Simester et al. 2016). While affirming the doctrine of identification in Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission [1995] UKPC 5, Lord Hoffman stated that the earlier doctrine was based on a generalized rule and so, a specific rule of attribution could establish the association after considering the memorandum, articles and the rules of agency (British and Irish Legal Information Institute 2017). This rule is helpful in determining the alter ego of the company. Another theory to establish this is the aggregation theory, under which, the combined fault of a number of individuals faults is charged to the company, where each of the individuals lack the needed mental state, intention or mens rea (Minkes Minkes 2008). Though, the element of mens rea and consideration of actus reus, i.e., physical acts, under this theory are aggregated. Moreover, these apply on in such cases where there is presence of elements of directing the minds and the will of the company (Simester et al. 2016). Though, the aggregative doctrine remains inefficient regarding deterrence in the manner that there is a lack of advance notice to the company, on what can be done by them, so as to keep the possible risk of criminal liability to the minimum or to ensure their maximum protection. Also, the doctrine does not consider the main reason of the offence. In the case of R v HM Coroner for East Kent ex parte Spooner (1987) 88 Cr App R 10, the aggregation theory was rejected (Wong 2012). One more theory in this regard is the vicarious liability or the indirect legal liability. As has been highlighted earlier, for the acts of the employees, the employer can be held liable under this theory (Faure 2009). Hence, by using these theories, like identification doctrine, doctrine of attribution, aggregation theory and principle of vicarious liability, a company can be held guilty of the crime, for the acts done through or on behalf of it. 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Swarb 2015, Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Company (Great Britain) Limited: HL 1916, https://swarb.co.uk/daimler-co-ltd-v-continental-tyre-and-rubber-company-great-britain-limited-hl-1916/ Swarb 2017, Lennards Carrying Company Limited v Asiatic Petroleum Company Limited: HL 1915, https://swarb.co.uk/lennards-carrying-company-limited-v-asiatic-petroleum-company-limited-hl-1915/ Wibberley, J, Chambers, G, Gioia, M.D 2017, Lifting, Piercing And Sidestepping The Corporate Veil, https://www.guildhallchambers.co.uk/uploadedFiles/PiercingtheCorporate%20Veil.JW,MDG.pdf [Accessed on: 30/02/03/17] Wong, K 2012, Breaking The Cycle: The Development Of Corporate Criminal Liability, https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago041733.pdf