Developing Countries’ Healthcare Systems

Creating Countries’ Healthcare Systems Question: Global Fund in the ongoing past suspended the subsidizing to Uganda government refering to net budgetary misappropriation particularly by Ministry of wellbeing authorities. As a money related expert, recognize and talk about the practices and arrangements that could have prompted this monetary misfortune and propose both inner and outer controls that ought to be set up to limit the reoccurrence of such situations. Presentation Creating countries’ social insurance frameworks are regularly subsidized by the donors’ concedes notwithstanding open assets from the administrative financial plans. In any case, now and again, these assets might be fumbled and this could prompt substantial budgetary misfortunes subsequently denying its recipients. The blunder of those assets may take various structures: squandering, false misappropriation or theft (The Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria). In this exposition, we survey the instance of Uganda where The Global Fund To Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria in 2005 suspended the country’s subsidizing following an arrival of a review report that demonstrated gross blunder of assets that should bolster the administration of Uganda in its endeavors to handle AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (Kapiriri Martin, 2006). The practices and arrangements that could have prompted this bungle and theft are recognized and talked about along with the control measures, both inside and outside, that ought to be attempted to forestall such monetary preoccupation later on. 2. Practices and strategies that could have prompted money related blunder The issue of money related assets botch is by all accounts far reaching in creating nations as well as in created ones (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 1997). A few insufficient practices and arrangements are purportedly engaged with the event of this issue. 2. a. Non-existing clear money related standards and guidelines/none consistence to budgetary standards and guidelines The absence of clear standards and guidelines to give direction to those associated with the administration of budgetary assets can make a path for them to fumble the assets that they should oversee. Mulling over the instance of Uganda, the absence of clear standards and guidelines on how assets would have been utilized potentially made a money related administrative turmoil that encouraged the individuals who were in the places of assets the board, at each degree of authoritative stepping stool, to abuse or abuse them. Then again, money related standards and guidelines may have been set up yet presumably the supervisory crew, at various levels, was not agreeable with them. 2. b. Absence of straightforwardness in authoritative progressive system, jobs and obligations Indistinct hierarchical and detailing structure, hazy jobs and duties among individuals from different groups associated with reserves the board may likewise have made administrative issue which prompted absence of budgetary responsibility. 2. c. Poor correspondence Poor correspondence among individuals from various groups may likewise have been a key factor in reserves money related administration disappointment. Potentially, groups didn't share key undertaking records about assets the executives for surveys before being discharged as authentic reports. Further, they probably won't have coordination gatherings in which they ought to have talked about money related issues with key partners in the usage of the undertakings. 2. d. Administrative ineptitude and untalented money related/bookkeeper officials Ineptitude in the administration of assets and executing the arranged exercises may likewise have prompted the above money related misfortune. Budgetary methods probably won't have been watched, this may have been the consequences of uncouth directors combined with incompetent money related officials and bookkeepers. Further, as per Global Fund’s 2009 Office of the Inspector General report on Lessons gained from the nation reviews and surveys attempted, Uganda’s case, Principle Recipient’ the board of Sub-Recipient was poor as was appeared by confirmations in the report and this was one of the issues that the award was suspended. Expressing a similar source, there were poor inner controls at various levels either at Principle Recipient level or at Sub Recipient level as was confirm by the report. For instance, some measure of cash evaluated at 4,939,497 US dollars were not represented, satisfactory supporting reports for a few exchanges were missing, work plan and spending plans were not dwelling place by which brought about a few costs not identified with the automatic financial plan and work plan. Also, records identified with the costs like books of record were not appropriately kept. There were additionally instances of unsupported costs and when supporting records were discovered, they were really fake. It is accounted for that proficient budgetary administration requires faultless money related and examining devices. Insufficiency in budgetary oversight and control systems prompts monetary fumble like redirection or misappropriation of assets (Mobegi et al, 2012). 2. e. Absence of dynamic association of some key partners As indicated by Kapiriri and Martins (2006), one of the detailed potential reasons for blunder of Global Fund allows in Uganda was low degrees of common society support. As indicated by Global Fund’s necessities for award qualification, the interest of different partners in the dynamic is of principal significance. Yet, in Uganda, it was accounted for that piece of key partners, including common society, who should be spoken to in Country Coordinating Mechanisms were not either included or were inadequate with regards to the ability to give significant information sources (Kapiriri Martins (2006). 3. Inward and outside controls that ought to be set up to limit the reoccurrence of such situations It is expressed that there is one basic thing in all organizations either in broad daylight or private organizations: â€Å"To be effective, they should control their operations†. This implies recruiting the correct individuals, pay them the perfect measure of compensations, arrange and get the correct items and administrations, and so on (Libby et al, 2009). To accomplish this, it is critical to build up and consent to explicit strategies and approaches which depict how the business ought to be run. These particular strategies and arrangements are controls which can be either inward or outer. This hypothesis is applied to the case being talked about. 3.1. Interior controls Interior controls are characterized as set of strategies an association sets up so as to secure the robbery of its benefits, guarantee the bookkeeping data is dependable, support compelling and productive tasks, and discover that pertinent laws, guidelines and codes of morals are agreed to (Libby et al, 2009). For the instance of Uganda, given the weaknesses that were distinguished, inside control components ought to be upgraded and set to target them. The inward measures would include: Standard consistence reviews: these reviews would discover that the particular methodology, rules or guidelines set out by Global Fund and as portrayed in award consent to guarantee the great administration of awards are seen at each degree of the administration. Ordinary operational reviews: these reviews would concentrate every single working methodology at all administration levels so as to gauge their presentation as far as viability and effectiveness. As indicated by Hayes et al (2005), operational reviews are not just constrained to budgetary issues, they may likewise put more accentuation on different regions of the association ; structure, working methodologies the same or different zones where assessment is required. Ordinary reviews of fiscal summaries: these reviews would examine the budget reports to guarantee that they are exact and as per set models. Including partners in dynamic procedure and upgraded correspondence: The contribution of partners and improved dynamic procedure concerning the execution of Global Fund projects could have been a foundation in the counteraction of awards botch. It is contended that if real and reasonable dynamic procedure were utilized, the suspension of awards could have been deflected (Kapiriri Martins (2006). Given that the poor correspondence between individuals from Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) was refered to among the reasons for award fumble in Uganda, improved correspondence inside CCM and with different partners would be similarly significant in forestalling such gross money related misfortune. 3.2. Outer controls To limit open doors for awards botch later on, outside control instruments ought to likewise be upgraded. These include: Worldwide Fund should direct customary and convenient reviews and audits to guarantee that the set rules for the administration of its awards are watched. Free inspectors ought to be designated and lead reviews on various degrees of awards the executives. It is suggested by the Global Fund’ Office of the auditor general that the outer review reports ought to be submitted to Global Fund not later than a half year after the period to be examined ( Global Fund, 2009). Worldwide Fund should refresh its rules in regards to the administration of awards to fill the holes when they are distinguished. 4. End Appropriate Global Fund awards the board is vital in battling against AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria whose mortality and dismalness rates are still unsuitably high in creating nations. Administration of Global Fund-bolstered nations have the command to guarantee that the awards are utilized as per the set rules and the understandings marked among them and the Global Fund. Therefore, this will maintain a strategic distance from awards botch or theft cases and subsequently lessen mortality and dismalness rates because of the previously mentioned infections.

The liberal and critical theory account of economic globalization Essay

The liberal and basic hypothesis record of financial globalization - Essay Example tional settings past national limits, pundits like Ellen Meiksins Wood have been contending on the degree of obstruction rehearsed by these global establishments and its suggestions on national forces. As indicated by Wood (2005), issues identified with globalization, for example, â€Å"the social shameful acts, the developing holes among rich and poor, ‘democratic shortfalls, environmental debasement thus on† are the results of free enterprise (pp. 14). Wood (2005) in this way contends â€Å"capitalism, regardless of whether national or worldwide, is driven by certain efficient objectives of rivalry, benefit expansion and amassing, which unavoidably require putting ‘exchange-value’ before ‘use-value’ and benefit before people† (pp. 14). While an idealistic perspective on radicalism will legitimize this specific supposition, a basic view to the thought will be tremendously accentuated to contend for the benefit of entrepreneur scholars, worrying on the negatives related with the equivalent (Kukoä , 2009). The basic hypothesis hence attests that globalization has made it feasible for a bunch of economies and institutional individuals to appreciate the riches and assets inside their worldwide â€Å"playing field†, prompting graver sufferings of more vulnerable and powerless economies (Bohman, 2004). As the two hypotheses, radicalism on one hand and free enterprise on the other, contend on the positives and negatives related with globalization, this exposition will target looking at both these outlooks to finish up whether globalization can be considered liable for the expanding imbalance in asset distribution causing destitution or it really works in lessening such abberations. Impacts brought about by univers al organizations will likewise be considered in the conversation from this time forward to get a concise comprehension of the issue in concern. A country may be said of having a near bit of leeway in the event that it can deliver a specific decent or administration in a much proficient and savvy way when contrasted with different nations, which is as it were

Giveaway HOW TO WRITE AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL by Alexander Chee

Giveaway HOW TO WRITE AN AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOVEL by Alexander Chee This giveaway is sponsored by  How to Write an Autobiographical Novel by Alexander Chee. From the author of The Queen of the Night, an essay collection exploring his education as a man, writer, and activistâ€"and how we form our identities in life and in art. As a novelist, Alexander Chee has been described as “masterful” by Roxane Gay, “incomparable” by Junot Díaz, and “incendiary” by The New York Times. With How to Write an Autobiographical Novel, his first collection of nonfiction, he’s sure to secure his place as one of the finest essayists of his generation as well. We have 10 copies of How to Write an Autobiographical Novel by Alexander Chee to give away to 10 Riot readers! Just complete the form below to enter. Entries are open to residents of the United States (excluding Puerto Rico and all other U.S. territories) and will be accepted until 11:44:59 pm, May 1, 2018. Winner will be randomly selected. Complete rules and eligibility requirements available here. Oops! We could not locate your form.

Thai Culture and My Career Choice to Study Gender-Based...

â€Å"What do you want to be when you grow up?† This may be a typical parent-to-child question for many families, but not for mine. Growing up in Thai culture, I have noticed a common role of women in my society. Most of my female family members are housewives and that is what I’m expected to be when I grow up as well. But I had bigger aspirations than that – I wanted to find a profession in which I, as a Thai woman, can gain respect and appreciation of people in my culture just as men can, and also gain a sense of personal fulfillment. As a result, throughout the first half of my undergraduate studies, I decided to follow an educational path that would prepare me to become a physician. I also took interest in Psychology, partly because of its†¦show more content†¦program. I have learned that one of Professor Joyce Bono’s current research interests lay in the broad area of gender stereotypes in management, and I would be excited to pursue my resea rch interest with her. In addition to my interest in gender stereotyping and discrimination, I am also interested in the area of positive work relationships. My previous research experience has examined the relationship between personality and performance in medical settings. Working on this project has peaked my interest in the concept of core self evaluations, and how it can be related to issues of gender stereotyping and women’s role in workplace. Specifically, I had recently started thinking of core self-evaluations as a potential mediating mechanism between gender stereotyping and job performance. For instance, women that are being stereotyped against may develop negative core self evaluations, and in turn – poorer levels of job performance. In the last two years, I have engaged in several psychology research projects and work experiences. My research experience ranges from being a data coder to being a co-author. For my first experience, I was responsible for coding data from team projects for a pilot study on virtual team performance carried out at the Psychology Department. Not long after, I was offered another research assistant position for aShow MoreRelatedAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication29172 Words   |  117 PagesAn Introduction to Intercultural Communication Intercultural communication is of importance to international businesses as it examines how people from different cultures, beliefs and religions come together to work and communicate with each other. Demands for intercultural communication skills are increasing as more and more businesses go global or international. They realize that there are barriers and limitations when entering a foreign territory. Without the help of intercultural communicationRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. 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Rene Descartes And John Locke - 997 Words

Rene Descartes and John Locke each produced pieces of philosophical responses to the questions posed in epistemology which resulted with very different answers. Descartes relied on God and the mind as the only reliable and trustworthy sources to prove the existence of things other than ourselves. Locke, in contrast, made arguments for the existence of things in the external world via our innate ability to recognize and process sensations that are derived from subjects that exist in the material world. Locke overcomes Descartes’ hyperbolic skepticism by giving evidence of the validity of the senses through unique perception and countering the dream argument with a more practical approach to the knowledge of our existence. John Locke, in An Essay Concerning Understanding, establishes the theory of â€Å"tabula rasa† (blank slate) as a picture for the mind. According to this theory, the mind can be supposed as â€Å"white paper, void of all characters† and ready to be filled with ideas that are realized through experience. Locke argues that humans are born with inherent senses, but not inherent knowledge For innate knowledge to exist, Locke contends that such knowledge would have to be universally agreed upon. However, even ideas have the greatest general support for being innate, such as â€Å"Whatsoever is, is† and â€Å"It is impossible for the same thing to be and not to be†, go without apprehension by children and the mentally disabled. Second, and quite similarly, people of differentShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke And Rene Descartes1442 Words   |  6 PagesPhilosophers are individuals who address critical analysis of fundamental assumptions or beliefs with underlying theories of their own. 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Rene DescartesRead MoreDescartes vs. Locke1175 Words   |  5 PagesEssay (Descartes vs. Locke) Socrates once said, â€Å"As for me, all I know is that I know nothing.† Several philosophers contradicted Socrates’ outlook and believed that true knowledge was in fact attainable. This epistemological view however had several stances to it, as philosophers held different beliefs in regards to the derivation of true knowledge. Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of true knowledge, while in Empiricism, true knowledge derived from the senses. Rene Descartes

The Effects of Rap Music on Children Free Essays

Xavier Miranda Professor John Mammen English 1301 23 June 2012 The Effects of Rap Music on Children â€Å"There is no danger of developing eyestrain from looking on the bright side of things. † This quote fits perfectly with this topic. Too many people look at the negativities in music, Rap music to be specific. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Rap Music on Children or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rap music can have negative effects on those who listen to it, but just as easily and equally have a positive and beneficial outcome. Yes, many rappers use vulgar derogative terms to describe women and may influence its listeners to break the law or things of the like; but it can also open our eyes, we can learn new things from it and it can influence us to be better people and do things, good things, with our lives. Now Rap isn’t anything new it’s been around since about the 1970’s and been influencing those who listen to it for about 40 years now (â€Å"Rap†). When people hear the term â€Å"rap music† their initial thought will be â€Å"that’s bad† or â€Å"that’s demeaning to women† which in a sense is true. For example the song â€Å"Walk this way† performed by Aerosmith and Run D. M. C. is about how a young high school student is lead through his first sexual experience by a debauched cheerleader. In a better known song â€Å"Make it Rain† by Fat Joe he says â€Å"Owwwww mami’s body is banging, man/ she got it, man/ she does it all She gets it popping with no hands† And then there’s the song almost everybody knows by Jay-Z. â€Å"99 problems†, where he refers to women as â€Å"bitches†. Songs like these make women seem like tools and expendable creatures, and may influence children that listen to this type of rap to treat women as such, â€Å"but many of them were influenced as teenagers by gangster rap. Perhaps I should start using words like, niggers, hoes and slut-bitches since I would only be reflecting my society’s music† (Leary). But the best example, to make this point clear, is the music video â€Å"Every girl† by â€Å"Young Money†. In the video there are females dressed promiscuously throughout and the lyricist admits to wishing he could have sexual intercourse with every girl in the world. There many other songs that contain this type of disrespect towards the female sex, which gives a more credible argument to those who don’t like rap. Another point people may make against Rap music is the fact that many Rappers Rap and live very violently. Eminem is at the top of my list when it comes to being violent. There’s the song â€Å"Who knew? † in which he defends himself by saying: â€Å"I never knew I, knew I’d effect this kid/ I never knew I’d, get him to slit his wrist/ I never knew I’d, get him to hit this bitch† Although the song in and of itself is a bit ironic, Eminem acknowledges the fact that now he knows he can influence his listeners with his music. And in â€Å"Love the Way you Lie† in which he says the following verse â€Å"If she ever tries to fucking leave again/ Im’a tie her to the bed and set this house on fire. † we see again the violence, and the music video for said song is of a couple who constantly fight and by the end of the song the couples house is up in flames. â€Å"One study found that young subjects who watched violent rap videos were more accepting of violent actions†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Copley) and these lyrics that we very well hear over the radio and in our everyday lives promote breaking or disregarding the law, and many people still stop and wonder why the world is so violent. But like stated at the beginning of this paper there is a bright side to this moon. Before writing this paper laziness overcame me and I began to procrastinate and started listening to music and then the song â€Å"Airplanes Part 2† by B. o. b. feat. Eminem came on. Towards the end of the song Eminem says the words â€Å"Pretend he procrastinated had no motivation/ Pretend he just made excuses that were so paper thin they could blow away with the wind† which is what I was doing and it â€Å"turned me on† and opened my eyes. As the song finishes Eminem continues to rap in third person about himself and how if it wasn’t for this one moment in his life that he had not chased his dream he wouldn’t be who he wanted to be. I then proceeded to get up and write this paper. So this song had an effect, a positive one on me. And it can have similar effects on others who listen to it. The language most rappers use is profanity, but a handful of rappers use uncommon words to express themselves, which can lead to one finding out the definition of the word and later possibly using them in school work. For example Eminem uses the word â€Å"antidisestablishmentarianism† which is a political position in the Anglican Church that chooses to withdraw support from certain churches. And needless to say I used it in a world history paper. There’s also some songs by the rapper Immortal Technique who uses biblical metaphors in his music like in the song â€Å"Point of no Return† he asks us to open our eyes and actually see what’s going on around us because the end of the world is near. Music like everything else has a good side and a bad side. Most people ignore the good and disregard Rap music as a whole. As expressed in this paper, yes it can have negative effects and influence children to do bad things but it can also influence them in a good way and even give them certain tools to use in the future. Works Cited Copley, J.. â€Å"Rap Music’s Psychological Effects. † Psychology at suite 101. Glam Entertainment, 2008. Web. 8 May 2012. http://jennifercopley. suite101. com/rap-musics-psychological-effects-a53370. Leary, sam . â€Å"Gangster rap has negative impact on society. † The Daily Campus. N. p. , 2002. Web. 8 May 2012. â€Å"Rap† Encyclopedia of Popular Music. Ed. Colin Larkin.  © Muze Inc and Oxford University Press, Inc. 2009. Encyclopedia of Popular Music: (e-reference edition). Oxford University Press. Tarrant County College. 8 May 2012 http://www. encpopmusic4. com/entry? Entry=t270. e52529 Lyrics â€Å"Make it rain† Artist â€Å"Fat Joe† Website â€Å"lyrics. com† â€Å"Who Knew† Artist â€Å"Eminem† Website â€Å"lyrics. com† â€Å"Love the way you lie† Artist â€Å"Eminem† Website â€Å"lyrics. com† â€Å"Airplanes Part 2† Artist â€Å"B. O. B. feat Eminem Website â€Å"lyrics. com† How to cite The Effects of Rap Music on Children, Essay examples

Commercial & Corporate Law for Accountants

Questions: 1.Can a company be liable to its own shareholders under tort law? What happens if an employee is also a shareholder and/or a director? Explain with reference to relevant cases? 2.What are the principles the court will apply in determining whether a company is guilty of a crime? Answers: 1. Vicarious liability is a principle formed under the doctrine of agency and makes the superior responsible for the acts of their superior to a third party. This principle makes the employer liable for the acts done by their employee (Giliker 2010). In the following parts, a discussion has been made on whether the company is liable under tort law for the acts of its shareholders. And whether there is a change, in case an employee becomes a shareholder or director of the company. The company is a separate legal entity and hence, for the actions of others, the company cannot be held liable. Because of these reasons, the company is not considered as liable under the tort law, for the acts done by its shareholder. However, there is an exception to this rule, which occurs when the court decides to pierce the corporate veil (Wibberley et al. 2017). In Creasey v Breachwood Motors Ltd [1993] BCLC 480; 10 ACLC 3,052, the corporate veil was pierced by court to determine the ownership of the new company and its shareholders. This was because the new company was formed for the sole purpose of avoiding the liabilities arising under negligence for the old company (French et al. 2016). CSR Ltd v Young [1998] Aust Tort Reports 81-468 involves the case of tortuous liability of the subsidiary company. The judges considered that the position of the holding was similar to that of subsidiary company and so, the corporate veil was lifted and the holding was held liable for the ac tions of subsidiary (Anderson 2008). Hence, if the court is of the view, that for justice and fairness purposes, the company has to be held liable for the actions of the shareholder, it can lift the corporate veil and hold the company responsible for the torts of the shareholder (Wibberley et al. 2017). However, there have to be justified grounds for lifting the corporate veil. The principle of vicarious liability dictates that the employer is liable for the actions of the employees, whether they relate to any omission or negligence (Faure 2009). Based on the Latin phrase of qui facit per alium facit per se also, which translates into, a person is considered as acting for himself, when he acts through some other person, the employer is held liable for the acts of an employee (Giliker 2010). In Panorama Developments (Guildford) Limited v Fidelis Furnishing Fabrics Limited [1971] 2 QB 711, the company secretary was considered as the employee of the company, and as a result of this, the company was held liable, based on the principle of vicarious liability (French 2014). Hence, when an employee becomes the shareholder and/or director of the company, the company would be vicariously responsible for his actions. For being a shareholder, the principle of piercing the corporate veil can be used for holding the company responsible. When the employee is the director of the company, his position is changed, but he continues to be an employee of the company. For the reasons of being an employee of the company, the company can be held responsible for the actions of its employee, or in this case, its directors. 2. Corporate liability is a term under the criminal law, which helps in determining the guilt of the company for a crime committed by them. As per this principle, a company or a corporation, as a legal person, can be held liable for its acts or omissions, in the same manner as is applied for a natural person. At times, this principle is considered as an aspect of the vicarious liability which is criminal in nature (Stoitchkova 2010). In the following parts, a discussion has been carried on this principle. Under criminal law, corporate liability outlines the extent to which any company, by being a legal body, can be held responsible for the wrong done by the natural people employed by it. There are certain circumstances under which a company can be held liable. One of such is the identification doctrine. This is the key rule for establishing the liability of the company in both the criminal and civil cases, when carried out through the servants or agents of the company. This theory dictates that the minds of the individuals who control or direct the corporation, both collectively and individually, are the mind of the corporation. Hence, it is also known as the directing mind theory (Simester et al. 2016). The concept began through the case of Lennards Carrying Co. Ltd v Asiatic Petroleum Co Ltd [1915] AC 705, in which the actions of the directors were held to be controlling the minds of the company (Swarb 2017). In Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Co (Great Britain) Ltd [1916] 2 AC 307, the place of residence of the company was held as the place from where the will of the company and its mind was directed, for the reasons of being operated and controlled from there, through its senior officers (Swarb 2015). The doctrine of attribution is another manner of establishing the guilt of the company (Simester et al. 2016). While affirming the doctrine of identification in Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v Securities Commission [1995] UKPC 5, Lord Hoffman stated that the earlier doctrine was based on a generalized rule and so, a specific rule of attribution could establish the association after considering the memorandum, articles and the rules of agency (British and Irish Legal Information Institute 2017). This rule is helpful in determining the alter ego of the company. Another theory to establish this is the aggregation theory, under which, the combined fault of a number of individuals faults is charged to the company, where each of the individuals lack the needed mental state, intention or mens rea (Minkes Minkes 2008). Though, the element of mens rea and consideration of actus reus, i.e., physical acts, under this theory are aggregated. Moreover, these apply on in such cases where there is presence of elements of directing the minds and the will of the company (Simester et al. 2016). Though, the aggregative doctrine remains inefficient regarding deterrence in the manner that there is a lack of advance notice to the company, on what can be done by them, so as to keep the possible risk of criminal liability to the minimum or to ensure their maximum protection. Also, the doctrine does not consider the main reason of the offence. In the case of R v HM Coroner for East Kent ex parte Spooner (1987) 88 Cr App R 10, the aggregation theory was rejected (Wong 2012). One more theory in this regard is the vicarious liability or the indirect legal liability. As has been highlighted earlier, for the acts of the employees, the employer can be held liable under this theory (Faure 2009). Hence, by using these theories, like identification doctrine, doctrine of attribution, aggregation theory and principle of vicarious liability, a company can be held guilty of the crime, for the acts done through or on behalf of it. References Anderson, H 2008, Directors Liability for Unpaid Employee Entitlements: Suggestions for Reform Based on their Liabilities for Unremitted Taxes, Sydney Law Review, vol. 30, no. 470, pp. 478. British and Irish Legal Information Institute 2017, Meridian Global Funds Management Asia Ltd v The Securities Commission [1995] UKPC 5 (26 June 1995), https://www.bailii.org/uk/cases/UKPC/1995/5.html Faure, M 2009, Tort Law and Economics 2nd edn., Edward Elgar. French, D, Mayson, S, Ryan, C 2014, Mayson, French Ryan on Company Law, 31st edn., Oxford University Press. Giliker, P 2010, Vicarious Liability in Tort: A Comparative Perspective, Cambridge University Press. Minkes, J Minkes, L 2008, Corporate and White Collar Crime, SAGE Publications Ltd. Simester, AP, Spencer, JR, Stark, F 2016, Simester and Sullivan's Criminal Law: Theory and Doctrine, 6th edn., Bloomsbury Publishing Plc. Stoitchkova, D 2010, Towards Corporate Liability in International Criminal Law, Intersentia. Swarb 2015, Daimler Co Ltd v Continental Tyre and Rubber Company (Great Britain) Limited: HL 1916, https://swarb.co.uk/daimler-co-ltd-v-continental-tyre-and-rubber-company-great-britain-limited-hl-1916/ Swarb 2017, Lennards Carrying Company Limited v Asiatic Petroleum Company Limited: HL 1915, https://swarb.co.uk/lennards-carrying-company-limited-v-asiatic-petroleum-company-limited-hl-1915/ Wibberley, J, Chambers, G, Gioia, M.D 2017, Lifting, Piercing And Sidestepping The Corporate Veil, https://www.guildhallchambers.co.uk/uploadedFiles/PiercingtheCorporate%20Veil.JW,MDG.pdf [Accessed on: 30/02/03/17] Wong, K 2012, Breaking The Cycle: The Development Of Corporate Criminal Liability, https://www.otago.ac.nz/law/research/journals/otago041733.pdf

50,000 Words free essay sample

As my family slept in the darkened hotel room, I pounded away at my laptop, struggling to keep my eyes open as I typed. Despite the late hour, this day was like any other during November: I had a 2,000-word quota to fill, and I would not sleep until I met it. This was NaNoWriMo, and I was determined to make it to 50,000 words by the end of the month. It was junior year, and my second year participating in National Novel Writing Month, a challenge to write a 50,000-word novel during the month of November. I had discovered NaNoWriMo sophomore year, and I tried it (and won) for the first time that November. Now at the beginning of November in my junior year, I was prepared. Armed with a plot outline, my trusty laptop, and endless cups of tea, I was ready to begin. On the morning of Nov. 1, I embarked on my second voyage into the land of noveling, entering the World War II English countryside in which I had set my story. We will write a custom essay sample on 50,000 Words or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The month was out of the ordinary, to say the least, with a combination of noveling, schoolwork, college visits, and marching band. I wrote at a frantic speed during lunch periods and between classes. I finished my homework quickly in order to have novel-writing time, and, as my fellow color guard members can attest, I even brought a notebook to write in during the non-halftime minutes of our schools weekly football games. On the night of Nov. 28, sitting at my computer, I gave the screen one last look and slowly, carefully, typed my final words. Though it was only a rough draft, I had a novel: 50,000 words, a neatly finished story, a perfectly imperfect beginning, middle, and end. I would miss my setting and my characters, but I knew I would see them again, eventually, for a rewrite sometime in the future. I have a permanent NaNoWriMo viewpoint now, and from here, I have yet to encounter a writing assignment too big. The prospect of an 800-word article or a two-page essay isnt nearly as daunting when youve written 2,000 words a day for a month. Ive gained a certain kinship with others who have participated in NaNoWriMo, and I know they are in a situation similar to mine. In my ordinary life, I am a daughter, a sister, a student, a friend. But as of my past two Novembers, although I am not the least bit famous, I am a novelist.

Borons Chemical and Physical Properties

Boron's Chemical and Physical Properties Atomic number: 5Symbol: BAtomic weight: 10.811Electron configuration: [He]2s22p1Word origin: Arabic Buraq; Persian Burah. These are the Arabic and Persian words for borax.Isotopes: Natural boron is 19.78% boron-10 and 80.22% boron-11. B-10 and B-11 are the two stable isotopes of boron. Boron has a total of 11 known isotopes ranging from B-7 to B-17. Properties The melting point of boron is 2079Â °C, its boiling/sublimation point is at 2550Â °C, the specific gravity of crystalline boron is 2.34, the specific gravity of the amorphous form is 2.37, and its valence is 3. Boron has interesting optical properties. The boron mineral ulexite exhibits natural fiberoptic properties. Elemental boron transmits portions of infrared light. At room temperature, it is a poor electrical conductor, but it is a good conductor at high temperatures. Boron is capable of forming stable covalently bonded molecular networks. Boron filaments have high strength, yet are lightweight. The energy band gap of elemental boron is 1.50 to 1.56 eV, which is higher than that of silicon or germanium. Although elemental boron is not considered to be a poison, assimilation of boron compounds has a cumulative toxic effect. Uses Boron compounds are being evaluated for treating arthritis. Boron compounds are used to produce borosilicate glass. Boron nitride is extremely hard, behaves as an electrical insulator, yet conducts heat, and has lubricating properties similar to graphite. Amorphous boron provides a green color in pyrotechnic devices. Boron compounds, such as borax and boric acid, have many uses. Boron-10 is used as a control for nuclear reactors, to detect neutrons, and as a shield for nuclear radiation. Sources Boron is not found free in nature, although boron compounds have been known for thousands of years. Boron occurs as borates in borax and colemanite and as orthoboric acid in certain volcanic spring waters. The primary source of boron is the mineral rasorite, also called kernite, which is found in Californias Mojave Desert. Borax deposits are also found in Turkey. High-purity crystalline boron may be obtained by vapor phase reduction of boron trichloride or boron tribromide with hydrogen on electrically heated filaments. Boron trioxide may be heated with magnesium powder to obtain impure or amorphous boron, which is a brownish-black powder. Boron is available commercially at purities of 99.9999%. Quick Facts Element Classification: SemimetalDiscoverer: Sir H. Davy, J.L. Gay-Lussac, L.J. ThenardDiscovery date: 1808 (England/France)Density (g/cc): 2.34Appearance: Crystalline boron is hard, brittle, lustrous black semimetal. Amorphous boron is a brown powder.Boiling point: 4000 Â °CMelting point: 2075 Â °CAtomic radius (pm): 98Atomic volume (cc/mol): 4.6Covalent radius (pm): 82Ionic radius: 23 (3e)Specific heat (20Â °C J/g mol): 1.025Fusion heat (kJ/mol): 23.60Evaporation heat (kJ/mol): 504.5Debye temperature (K): 1250.00Pauling negativity number: 2.04First ionizing energy (kJ/mol): 800.2Oxidation states: 3Lattice structure: TetragonalLattice constant (Ã…): 8.730Lattice C/A ratio: 0.576CAS number: 7440-42-8 Trivia Boron has the highest boiling point of the semimetalsBoron has the highest melting point of the semimetalsBoron is added to glass to increase its resistance to heat shock. Most chemistry glassware is made from borosilicate glassThe isotope B-10 is a neutron absorber and used in control rods and emergency shutdown systems of nuclear generatorsThe countries Turkey and the United States have the largest reserves of boronBoron is used as a dopant in semiconductor production to make p-type semiconductorsBoron is a component of strong neodymium magnets (Nd2Fe14B magnets)Boron burns bright green in a flame test References Los Alamos National Laboratory (2001)Crescent Chemical Company (2001)Langes Handbook of Chemistry (1952)International Atomic Energy Agency ENSDF database (Oct 2010)

What's wrong with Rosseau's The General Will Essay

What's wrong with Rosseau's The General Will - Essay Example Rousseau spent most of his time observing the society and its organization. Through this, he realized how artificial and unfair aristocrats treated the common man. Years after intense thoughts and observation, he wrote a book, â€Å"The social Contract†. In his book, he stated the origins of governments and their laws, arguing that no law was binding unless the people agree to it (Wraight 2009, p. 34). This book stimulated French thinking and became a driving force for the French revolution thirty years after its release. The general will The will can only direct the State forces to maintain its obligations, â€Å"the common good†, because if the resistance of the private interest makes it possible for societies to be established, then the harmony of the same interests makes it possible. The common thing between these different interests creates the social bond; and if there was no similar interest, then society could not have been formed. Therefore, the state should go vern the society only with this common interest. This quote comes from Rousseau’s book; the Social Contract.... Ideas on the general will There is always a common interest among conflicting parties Through voting, governments can generate the common interest that accommodates the needs of a majority of its citizens The majority may come up with a falsified general will Criticism of the general will Following these arguments of the general will, Rousseau contends that when rulers govern their societies according to the general will, the freedom of each individual is assured. This notion is untrue because the general will only takes the common good of a majority of citizens, which it assumes is the interest of each individual. Every individual in the society has unique interests that the general will cannot fulfill. Therefore, the general will offers a simple solution for governments to fulfill the major needs of the community where individual interests cannot be fulfilled. During voting, individuals consider their best interests before subordinating their personal wills to the general will. Whe n they fail to win, then the general will fails to fulfill their individual will. Rousseau admits that votes contribute less into making the general will, and that the uniting interest is a major contributor. It is then clear that the common uniting interest may fail to be the interest of each individual, and that is what makes the general will. Rousseau admits that there is a difference between the â€Å"will of all† and the â€Å"general will† He says that people do not always vote in ways that agree with the common interest due to social inequalities and related factors. Because of this, the will of all may disagree with the general will. In such circumstances, a law-giver comes up with a solution. The law-giver designs favorable social institutions that instill virtues and a

The drinking age Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The drinking age - Research Paper Example In refute, if they have to illegally get alcohol, they aren’t mature enough to be drinking anyway; Not lowering the age goes against the Constitution that states that people are officially adults at the age of eighteen. In refute, the age limit exists to protect young, undeveloped people from accessing a harmful substance Conclusion: Proposals have been brought up that would educate and license young drinkers, though this would still go against keeping youngsters away from a substance they cannot handle; The drinking age should remain the same as it has already proven to be more effective at keeping people safe Argumentative Essay In 2010 in the United States, one person died approximately every hour as the result of an alcohol-impaired driver; of these drivers, nearly fifteen percent were under the legal drinking age of twenty-one (Bell). It has been in the works for many years to lower the drinking age from twenty-one to eighteen, but many have fought against it.

Examining The Important Business Of ERP Implementation Information Technology Essay

Examining The Important Business Of ERP Implementation Information Technology Essay Enterprise resource planning systems, also called enterprise systems (ES) are among the most important business information technologies that emerged during the last decade. While no two industries ERP systems are the same, the basic concept of ERP systems is focused on standardization and synchronization of information, and as a result, improved efficiency. The benefits of ERP systems include Coordinating processes and information Reducing carrying costs Decreasing cycle time, and Improving responsiveness to customer needs The decision to implement an ERP system is not made lightly. It is expensive, and it usually takes eighteen to twenty-four months to implement from the start of the process to when the first function goes live. A complete suite of functions going live can take three to four years, or more. ERP Implementation Without successful implementation of the ERP system, the projected benefits of improved productivity and competitive advantage would not be forthcoming. This creates trade off for decision makers to find causes and to manage the consequences. Literature suggests that adoption and implementation depends upon various factors during the course of initiation to benefits realization. These factors are influential and hence their understanding is critical to success. Critical Success Factors The following table presents 19 CSFs extracted from the literature and their dominant perspectives that are identified as imperative for successful ERP adoption and implementation. For example, Top Management factor is related to the stakeholders; therefore, it should be implemented by focusing on the Stakeholders perspective of ERP. These factors have been arranged in order of their importance in relation to each of the perspectives. ERP Implementation Critical Success Factors ERP Perspectives Critical Success Factors Importance Stakeholders Top management commitment High Project Champion High Execution Team High External advisory support Medium Vendor Partnership Low Total end-user involvement Low Process Business Process Design High Customization approach Medium Performance measurement and control Low Technology Package requirements and selection Medium System Testing Low Organisation Change Management High Effective Communication High Business vision goals and objectives High Training and education Medium Organisational structure and culture Low Project Project Management High Budget-cost parameters Low Time Low Critical Failure Factors ERP has been implemented all over the world by many companies but their high failure rates suggest that understanding and implementing ERP is a challenging task. The following nine factors are found to be critical in the failure of ERP implementations (A. Momoh, R. Roy, E. Shehab, 2010) Excessive customization Dilemma of internal integration Poor understanding of business implications and requirements Lack of change management Poor data quality Misalignment of IT with business Hidden costs Limited training Lack of top management support Challenges in ERP Implementation There may be various reasons for such rejection or unsuccessful conclusion to ERP adoption as discussed below Management may not be clear about the needs and requirement of IT system such as ERP that why and how they are adopting it or whether such a capital investment is needed or not. A mismatch is created because most of the times managers do not understand the integration between their core business, IT processes, and firms positioning; they may not know about the role that IT can play to their organisations. Management of the firm may not know that these new IT systems can bring multiple synergies or benefits to their company. Firms may not have resources like access, skills, capabilities or dynamic capabilities to generate any tangible output from these systems. Globally operating organisations many times use single ERP solution for all its subsidiaries. This can lead to problems in local subsidiaries such as over budget and time resources spending, lack of technical expertise and compromises in business process. Many firms are not able to leverage already implemented ERP systems for exploiting new business opportunities arising with latest market developments. This creates falsehood of ERP being not successful especially to the top management. Primary focus on adoption and implementation often neglects post-implementation maintenance and support from an early stage after roll out in the life cycle. ERP Integration The benefits of an ERP application are limited unless it is seamlessly integrated with other information systems. Organizations face many challenges in ERP integration The challenges of integrating various functional ERP modules The challenge of integration with other e-business software applications The challenge of integration with legacy systems. The success of ERP implementation is the success of ERP integration. Integration of ERP Modules Packaged ERP software consists of many functional modules (production planning, inventory control, financial and HR). Organizations tend to install modules from the same ERP vendors in the initial ERP implementation. Not all companies will purchase all ERP modules from a single ERP vendor (SAP, Oracle, PeopleSoft etc.). The implementation of ERP systems could last many years. The integration of ERP modules could be either the integration of modules from different vendors, or the different versions of the modules from the same vendor. Integration of E-Business Applications E-business practice is the combination of strategies, technologies and processes to electronically coordinate both internal and external business processes, and manage enterprise-wide resources. E-business software systems generally fall into four categories: Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Customer Relationship Management (CRM), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Knowledge Management (KM). To get the most out of ERP systems, ERP should be tightly integrated with other e-business software Supply Chain systems, CRM, knowledge management, B2B exchange and ecommerce storefront on the Internet. Integration with Legacy Systems Over the years, legacy systems have accumulated vast amount of data vital to the survival, operations, and expansion of corporations and non-profit organizations. Integration of ERP systems with legacy systems is more complex than the integration of ERP modules and Integration of e-business Applications. It routinely requires the installation of third-party interface software for the communication between ERP software systems and legacy systems. Second generation ERP systems use relational database management systems (RDBMS) to store enterprise data. Data conversion from legacy systems to RDBMS is a often a time-consuming and tedious process. While most interface software provides API for ERP to access legacy systems, some vendors offer integration module that automates or accelerates the transformation of legacy application logic and data into reusable components with XML, SOAP, J2EE and .NET interfaces. Cost of ERP Implementation According to any accounting method, ERP investments are among the largest single concentrated investments in dollars and human resources in most industrial organisations. An ERP implementation generally has three cost phases Acquisition Implementation, and Post-implementation Acquisition Costs Initial planning and acquisition costs are a real part of ERP implementation costs. Most of these initial costs fall in the area of human resource expenses (people) due to the amount of time key staff must dedicate to carefully analyzing the need for an ERP system, making a decision to pursue the implementation, and then planning for it. Implementation Costs Once the decision is made to implement an ERP system, the development of the implementation budget can begin in earnest. A realistically developed and funded implementation budget that covers all components and aspects of the project ensures as smooth a process as possible and lessens to some degree the stress an ERP implementation places on staff. An appropriate budget will minimize the surprises of unexpected costs and the abrupt search for funds to cover these costs. The following are the major cost components of an ERP system implementation Cost of new hardware: One major cost, usually, is the cost of new hardware, including network infrastructure, database servers, application servers, Web servers, disks, load-balancing switch, and storage and disaster recovery devices. Cost of additional hardware: The more people there are who use the system on a daily basis, the more application servers will be needed. A quick response time requires more application servers, more memory, and a faster processor speed, among other components. To avoid system downtime, redundant database servers are needed to provide automatic backup when one server malfunctions. The cost of additional hardware must be balanced with how much the organization wants the new system to improve client services and business processes. Software licensing costs: Software licensing costs include the ERP vendor software package and any third-party software the organization decides to include as part of the initial implementation. The ERP vendor software includes the functional software for human resources and student records as well as all the software components required to run the new system, including the database, system tools, operating systems, compilers, and network and integration software. Third party software is often purchased to enhance the functionality of the system. Software maintenance cost: The majority of ERP vendors include a software maintenance cost component in their contracts. These maintenance costs generally vary between 18 and 24 percent of the initial licensing cost, depending on the level of maintenance the organisation requires. Software maintenance fees typically cover software patches, new releases, vendor help-desk support, user mailing list servers, and the right to attend a vendors user conference. Hardware maintenance fees: Hardware maintenance fees are similar to software maintenance fees and cover many of the same support services that software maintenance fees cover, for example, vendor help desk, user mailing list servers, and patches and upgrades to operating systems. In addition, organisations should build in hardware replacement costs as part of the ongoing budget. The life cycle for most hardware is three years. Staffing costs: A third significant cost associated with implementing an ERP system is staffing. To fully staff a project an organisation must consider internal staff assigned to the project (some think of internal staff as an indirect budget cost), backfill for these staff positions, and vendor or other outside consultants. The staffing needs of the implementation must be fully understood and proactive approaches to potential staffing problems must be taken. Training Costs: Training project implementation staff on a new system is vital if the new system is to meet the institutions implementation objectives. Vendor consultants usually provide hands-on training for key functional users and technical support staff. The cost of this training is usually included under consultant costs in the budget. Customisation Costs: Customization of vendor software generally adds significant cost to an ERP implementation, and it is a cost that will repeat itself every time there is a new release of the software. Organisations must carefully consider the implications of customizing vendor software. Post Implementation Costs Staffing costs are associated with every patch, fix, new release, or new version of the system. If any modification was made to the underlying code, the code has to be recreated every time a new release or version is installed. As mentioned previously, there are ongoing software costs (such as when a new database is released, upgrades are made to operating systems and networking systems, or new third-party software is installed). Additionally, there are ongoing hardware costs as hardware is upgraded or replaced, and there are yearly hardware and software maintenance fees. Consulting fees continue as new releases and new versions of the software are implemented. Knowledge Management Issues The following table outlines the Main KM issues found in various stages of ERP adoption. Life-cycle Stage KM Issues Agenda formation When the original idea to adopt ERP is accepted, preparations were made to facilitate adoption. Team members with different knowledge backgrounds and expertise faced a challenge to externalize the embrained knowledge within the team. Developing strong internal team bonds during the early phase appeared critical in facilitating knowledge sharing and creation in later phases. Broader awareness was encourages as the wider community needed to be more actively involved during the design and adoption phases. Design Involves understanding ERP and organizational processes and fashioning a mutual fit. Team focused on accessing the embodied and embedded knowledge distributed in the wider organization to capture knowledge. There was a need to build relationships between the team and other BU members to understand the processes and improve chances that the various stakeholders would view the new ERP systems positively. The project team accessed knowledge through developing a more open network structure that facilitated wider information flow. Accessing distributed knowledge that was embodied and embedded across the organization relied on a variety of social networking activities that involved bridging with others across the organization. Implementation Involves configuring the IT system and introducing changes to organizational systems and processes. Main challenge stemmed from need to change users knowledge and encourage them to share knowledge with each other. The team managed to surface and change some of the deeply embedded and encultured collective knowledge through social interactions to remove boundaries between functions. Team integrated knowledge through mapping of information, processes and routines of the legacy systems into the ERP modules with the use of conversion templates. Team managed to encourage users, using a participative policy, to identify tacit knowledge within their work processes through informal discussions and numerous brainstorming sessions. Fostering social relationships among users was found to be crucial to the success of ERP implementation Appropriation ERP system is fully embedded within the organization so that it is accepted as a routine. A knowledge-based hub (CSC) was formed to codify some of the knowledge about ERP system use and encourage the sharing of knowledge and experiences in facilitating the ERP process. Knowledge-enabling structures contributed to the ERP systems in facilitating the development of organization memory and improving structural integration across the organization. The integration of internal and external ERP processes may create new barriers that could hinder future cross-functional knowledge integration unless prior personal relationships are established. Overcoming ERP Implementation Challenges In order to overcome the challenges and objections to ERP implementation, first and foremost, the following aspects of the system need to be carefully considered during implementation Function: The functions of the ERP system should be well defined to cover the companys necessary business functions. It is also important to choose the right software considering whether or not it can support the defined functions as well as its functionality. Subjective norm: All the members in the company should be encouraged to use the ERP system because their use can increase the companys business value and productivity. Output: To make the ERP system more useful, the company should focus more on enhancing the quality of output during its implementation, especially in management and measurement reports. Perceived ease of use: The ERP system should be easy to use. A complex system decreases usefulness, which also make users reluctant to work with. To make the system easier, many researchers recommended that it should be carefully designed to be user friendly, considering screen design, user interface, page layout, help facilities, menus, etc. Result demonstrability: The company should clearly define what positive results can be expected from the use of the ERP system before or during ERP implementation. This action can make the system more useful, and help employers understand why they should use the ERP system. In order to ensure a successful implementation of the ERP system, the following model is proposed Description of Variables in ERP Success Model Variable Explanation Output Quality of the system output including management and performance report Job relevance An individuals perception regarding the degree to which the target system is applicable to his or her job Image The degree to which use of the system is perceived to enhance ones image or status in ones social system Result demonstrability The tangibility of the results of using the system, including their observability and communicability Compatibility Quality of the system in exchanging data with other systems System reliability The degree to which the system ensures the delivery of data to the users Internal support The degree of the companys internal support for the ERP implementation project (top management support, training, and project planning) Function The functionality of the ERP software and its matching with the companys necessary business functions Consultant support The degree to which consultant support helps to make ERP implementation successful Subjective norm The persons perception that most people who are important to him think he should or should not perform the behavior in question Perceived usefulness The degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would enhance his or her job performance Perceived ease of use The degree to which a person believes that using a particular system would be free of effort Intention to use User behavior in intention to use and actual system use ERP benefits The degree of user satisfaction with the ERP system and Individual and organizational impacts from the ERP system Project success/progress The degree to which the implementation project was completed on time, and within the budget as initially planned Project success/quality The degree of the quality of the ERP system and matching the scope of the ERP system with the companys needs

Meaning of life †Happiness Essay

By Occasionally, there comes a time in everyone’s life when they ask themselves if they have a purpose. This question is not easy to answer, but can only be answered by the person themselves. I once asked myself this very question. My purpose in life is simply to live. My answer to this question may be wrong, may look simple, and you may even laugh at it, but it means much more than it seems. The term â€Å"to live† has many meanings to me. Love, happiness, charity, and justice are just a few meanings I feel are parallel to this term. Love is a constant reminder of why I would want to have a purpose in life. When a person loves with their heart, the feeling they have is like no other. Anyone can love with his or her mind or body, but love of the heart and soul is hard to come by. I have loved with my mind many times before, but its not the same. I believe I have been struck with love, because it hit me like a freight train. The swift perfume and luscious looks of a girl are usually only temporary and I forget about it after the essence is gone. Although I believe I found the perfect combination of perfume, looks, and personality. Her name is Jodi Block. She is the the coolest person I know. She likes me for who I really am and doesn’t laugh at me for mistakes I make, or ever criticizes me for anything I do. She is always there with a compliment or telling me how good of a job I did on something. She is always there to listen to me when I have get something off my chest. I don’t know what I would do with out her. At the current moment, the only people I love with my heart are Jodi, my mother and father, and my two siblings Jordan and Erin. I don’t like to admit it, but its the truth. Like any son or daughter, I would be devastated if anything ever happened to them before their time. They are my main reason for wanting to succeed. The world has come to know that being happy is better than being sad. I believe the reason for this can never have an exact answer, but happiness is good and sadness is bad. Almost everyone agrees with this statement. The dilemma we must face ourselves with is what makes us happy and sad. There is no universal constant that makes everyone happy or everyone sad. The factors are for everyone. For myself, going hunting, fishing, driving, and being with Jodi are fun and make me happy. These factors associated with myself are for the most part positive activities. Surrounding myself with positive reflections comes by nature. Many people these days are materially well off, but are unhappy. We surround ourselves with clever toys, movies, and fashionable clothing, but in reality we are as mortal as any other is. Like most, I feel infringed upon when negativity is present. Though happiness is the goal of most, being sad is necessary. To be always happy in life would be as useless as having Christmas day everyday. We would soon begin detesting it. The question we must ask ourselves is what do we need to have that perfect balance of happiness? True happiness can only come from the understanding of that individual’s environment and nature of existence. Charity is a virtue that is deemed torturous by some, prosperous by others, but a necessity by most. Helping the fellow man has been known to happen since the dawn of time. Think of how many charitable acts have been committed throughout our many years of existence. Some of us would not be alive today if it were not for the fact. Think of when that soldier helped his comrade out of the trench or when that businessman spared a few coins for the homeless man on the street. These few examples show that when a person is in a time of need and they are not helped, grave dangers lie ahead until they are helped. Personally, I feel it is a duty to commit a charitable act when possible. If volunteer work is needed and I do not sign up without good reason, I normally feel guilty. I put myself in the position of the needed. If I were that person in need, would I have someone to help me? I answer yes through volunteer work, donations, or charitable acts. Charity is a necessity to those who receive, a simple act to those who give, and blessing to us all. Some have said that you can measure a person’s worth by how successful they have been. I beg to differ because of other factors, but prosperity is a virtue deemed important. I want to prosper in the future not only because I would like to make my parents proud, but because I was born for success. For years it has been engraved into my sub conscience that if I work hard, I will be prosperous. I plan on leading a successful life, but prosperity is not limited to long-term future actions. Anyone can be successful in just setting a worthwhile goal and accomplishing it. In the past two years I’ve sat through numerous business lectures and career workshops that were designed to broaden my intellectual thinking of the job market. Quite frankly, I’m sick of hearing about statistics with this technology field and how much money I can make in that one. I’ve learned plenty of skills to make myself prosperous and even learned â€Å"the art of verbal manipulation†, which is supposedly going to help me get a higher salary. Prosperity has its importance, but I say you can measure a person’s worth by how happy they are and have been. Knowing your personality is an aspect of life that I feel is important. You must be able to judge yourself before you can judge another. Personally, I have a moderate preference for emotions and impressions, but prefer my own familiar traits because that is where I feel most at ease. I don’t like being in strange places or having numerous relationships. I prefer having a small number of friends that are deep and important, rather than a ton of friends that I see every once in a while. An important component of my personality is reflected in my lifestyle. My preference is for that of a spontaneous and flexible life, rather than a set and fixed one. Taking things as they come is intriguing to me and surprises in life are even better. Feeling good about oneself is vital to survival. Without it, extreme measures, including suicide, may be taken. Though I do have my occasional letdowns, I am happy with who I am and with what I have become. Next to love and happiness, I feel drive and dedication are the most important virtues a person can have. Because I live my life from goal to goal, achieving and having other virtues come that much more easily. My most recent goal was to make sure I get to work and back home safely. My current goal is to try and write over four pages for my philosophy of life essay. Though I’m not quite there yet, setting goals comes natural to me. I do not prefer to write my goals down and keep track of how I’m doing on them. I rather keep them in my head and refer to them when needed. This is a previously stated aspect of my personality. Whether everyone knows it or not, setting and thinking out our goals is the basis for achieving them. Drive and dedication achieve goals for any hardworking individual. Above love, happiness, and dedication is my relationship with God. Though I have not visited his home on a consistent basis, I know when to pay my respect. I feel praising Him is necessary, but I choose to do it in my own way. I tend to pray when least expected. My relationship with God may not be to full scale, but I believe Him, love Him, praise Him, and respect Him. The rest is just details. I asked myself if I had a purpose in life during my junior year of high school. At the time, I had almost no idea of what I was asking myself. Though I still do not know the meaning of life, I know my purpose in life is to live with happiness, love, prosperity, charity, justice, and determination. My relationship and praise of God is the most important factor. In summary, I long to love, but do not love to long. Happiness and contentment are thrived on by all, but not all realize that it is charity which will bring these virtues. Besides these, drive and determination will also bring a person to be prosperous and happy. My philosophy is to live life to its fullest with no virtuous restrictions on yourself. Always taking another chance, exploring the boundaries, fighting my limitations. Always wanting more than I can have, opening doors that are better left closed, and wounds that should have long since healed. Accomplishing little in my endeavors to fulfill my life and trying to make sense of it all. Always trying to make the impossible a reality, attempting to fix the unrepairable. Doing things the hard way is how I make my way, thriving on stress and attempting the impossible. Some say I take great pleasure in self-affliction, I ask if there is any other way.

Information and Knowledge Management Essay

The group presented Xerox and NASA as case studies for Information and Knowledge Management concepts and processes. These two case studies are chosen for their unique experiences. It is not the focus of this material to compare and contrast the two cases. The objective of this material is to discuss how the key issues that were chosen by the group relate to the growing literature about Information and Knowledge Management. Along with this, efforts to differentiate Information Management and Knowledge Management provide a better grasp of these two concepts, their practices and their roles in organizations. Xerox’s case focused on its organizations efforts to arrive at accessing its knowledge by transforming tacit into explicit. Prior to the establishment of its knowledge base system, in the form of Eureka II, ethnographic work on Xerox employees provided an initiative for the company to grow an interest in managing its organizational learning. The key issues from this study were identified. Andrew Cox’s investigation of Xerox’s Eureka system and its inception seems to indicate that knowledge management is a re-packaged concept of information management. The employment of Orr’s ethnographic work implicates a possibility that the organization used this innovation as its own â€Å"rebranding tool†. (Suchman in Cox, 2007, p. 7). Furthermore, the group inquires about the concept of communities of practice (CoPs) as a more promising alternative to the technical approach implemented in Eureka’s construction as knowledge base system. The case study of Xerox provided an opportunity to glimpse how an organization behaves and transforms its practices to create innovations and, in turn, keep its stability and competitive edge in the market. The special case of NASA’s Challenger incident is an important specimen to investigate how an organization manages its security and safety practices. The nature of NASA as an organization can be understood by examining its vision, mission and goals. However, the group focused on a particular incident and its chronology. Risk analysis and risk management are some of the concepts that relate to this organization’s experience in information and knowledge management. Some of the key concerns for this case are identified as: (1) Should NASA have a Eureka-type system? ; (2) Do you think communities of practice would have helped NASA? ; and (3) How would NASA have benefited from going through the alignment process? This material attempts to clarify these inquiries and to provide direction by citing numerous studies and concepts in the field of knowledge management. Discussion NASA’s case, particularly of Challenger incident, can be examined by using the concept of risk assessment and management. Risk management is defined in NASA’s literature as â€Å" a management process by which the safety risks can be brought to levels or values that are acceptable to the final approval authority. † (ASEB, p. 79). Processes such as the establishment of acceptable risk levels, formalization of changes in system design or operational method to achieve such risk levels , system validation and certification and system quality assurance were enumerated as part of risk management. ASEB, p 79). After the Challenger incident, recommendations such as hierarchical tasks were cited: The Committee believes that risk management must be the responsibility of line management (i. e. , program manager and, ultimately, the Administrator of NASA). Only this program management, not the safety organizations, can make judicious use of means available to achieve the operational goals while reducing the safety risks to acceptable levels. Safety organizations cannot, however, assure safe operation; they can only assure that the safety risks have been properly evaluated, and that the system configuration and operation is being controlled to those risk levels which have been accepted by top management. (4. 1, 4. 3) (ASEB, p. 79) The passage above was one of the lessons learned, the identification of the elements of and responsibilities for risk assessment and risk management, as cited in the assessment document in 1988. Establishment of responsibility for program direction and integration, the need for quantitative measures of relative risk, the need for integrated review and overview in the assessment of risk and in independent evaluation of retention rationales, independence of the certification of flight hardware and of software validation and verification, and safety margins for flight structures were all cited as lessons learned following the Challenger accident. Clearly, risk management is an aspect of information management in this particular case. Aside from the initiatives for changes in the areas of risk assessment and management, examining NASA as a learning organization might helpfully illustrate the information processes within the organization. Organizational learning in NASA can be traced back to Apollo era when centralization of shuttle management structure was adopted. (Mahler & Casamayou, 2009, p. 164). But these lessons can be unlearned as what the case of the Challenger accident had shown. Prior to the Columbia accident that followed in 2003, unlearning in critical decision areas occurred. Mahler & Casamayou (2009) relates this event as follows: Similarly, there was initial evidence that NASA had learned to resist schedule pressures. The agency delayed launches to deal with ongoing technical problems and made the decision to rely on the shuttle only when absolutely needed, But these lessons from the Challenger faded in the 1990s under severe budget constraints and new schedule pressures created by our participation in the International Space Station. (2009, p. 164) This relates how outside forces can affect organizational learning. Public organizational learning, not unlike corporate organizational learning, is affected by its environment. Risk assessment and management, instead of context in market competence and capital gains in corporations, becomes the context of reliable goals and public stature in public organizations such as NASA. There are particulars of public organizational learning that should be brought to light to better understand the information processes and learning behaviors within NASA. Mahler & Casamayou (2009) enumerated a three-part process of organizational learning. One is problem recognition, another is analyzing the results to produce inferences about cause and effect in the hopes of arriving at an understanding how to achieve better results, and the last one is the institution of new knowledge that the organization will benefit from. (Mahler & Casamayou, 2009, p. 166). These processes summarizes the processes of public organizational learning on a macro-level. It is also important to examine the interactions of actors within the organization. During the group presentation, inquiries about how NASA should benefit from a Eureka-type system was mentioned. The concept of communities of practice (CoPs) within NASA, as a source of Andrew Cox’s (2004)non-canonical knowledge was explored. Before the establishment of any knowledge base systems, an eventful experience is treated as a learning source. As with NASA’s case, following the Apollo era, detection systems were installed and had been reliable ever since its inception. These quantitative measures of assessing risks and failures runs parallel with the practice of corporate organizations over-reliance on technology, as what the firs-generation knowledge management practice brought us its â€Å"IT trap†. (Huysman & Wulf, 2006). What should also be noted is the transformation of NASA into a complex system of actors, decision makers and diagnostic and technological tools. As a system becomes more complex, there could be a higher possibility for unexpected and undesirable outcomes. The concept of Charles Perrow’s (1999) normal accident theory is closely related to this inference. The nature of function and decision-making within NASA exemplifies Perrow’s concepts of coupling and interactions. Interactions can be tightly coupled or loosely coupled, as with NASA’s case it is of course tightly coupled. These tightly coupled interactions found within an organization cannot tolerate delay. Interactions can be linear or complex. (Perrow,1999). As with NASA’s case, it is undoubtedly complex. As mentioned earlier, the possible over-reliance on diagnostic systems and isolation of decision makers and pressure to launch are accountable for the incident. Judging and perceiving also play a role in learning. Decisions in NASA’s case are measure-based and as well as judgement-based which could be said, is more reliant on intuition and non-verbal experience. But in this case, NASA’s critical decision actors were not thoroughly immersed in the safety measure practice which in turn shows that organizational structure has a role in the incident. As Baumard (1999) related in his work on tacit knowledge in organizations, ‘puzzled organizations’ are manifest when accidents take place. The notion of ‘acceptability’ was, in effect, a social construction developed in the context of an organization in which the perception of risk thresholds had been modified by the routinization of the mastery of a complex technology. If the O-ring problem had been brought to the attention of an untrained public it would quite probably have provoked an animated reaction. In a different social context it would have been found entirely ‘unacceptable’ to launch space shuttles with joints that risked giving way, whatever the level of this risk. Despite the accuracy, the precision to categorize the risk associated with the joints as ‘acceptable’ seems to be based more on the common meaning of the word ‘acceptable’ than on any scientific definition. There is no equivalent to the ‘acceptable’ in other areas of exact science—it is a value judgement, not a measure. This suggests that, it ‘reality is hidden by measures’ (Berry, 1983), measures too may be sometime hidden by reality. The road to disaster in the Challenger shuttle case was clearly of social construction.

Television For Children ( Chapter 3 Personal, Social, And...

Project 3: Television for Children (Chapter 3-Personal, Social, Moral Development) Since I was little up to now, television has changed from what I grew up with. For this project I watched three television shows, one in the morning, one late afternoon, and one evening show before eight pm. In the morning I watched Dora and Friends: Into the City. At first I was surprised that Dora grew up and different from what I used to watch Dora. Similar to the Dora the Explorer, Dora and Friends: Into the City is a show about Dora and her friends Anna and Pablo. This show demonstrated more prosocial acts than violets acts. Dora and Friends: Into the City showed prosocial acts such as making a story for a group of little kids, and helping Kate find her book. The only violet acts was stealing and yelling. In the afternoon I watched iCarly, one my old favorite TV shows. This show is about three teenagers, Carly, Sam, and Freddy, whom make a live internet show, similar to modern day YouTube. 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